Page 40 - GALENIKA MEDICAL JOURNAL

13. Carlsson A. The occurrence, distribution and physiological role of 38. Mouradian MM, Heuser IJ, Baronti F, Fabbrini G, Juncos JL, Chase TN.
catecholamines in the nervous system. Pharmacol Rev. 1959 Jun;11(2, Pathogenesis of dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1989
Part 2):490-3. May;25(5):523-6.
14. Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger 39. Mouradian MM, Chase TN. Central mechanisms and levodopa response
F. Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1988
Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci. Aug;11(4):378-85.
1973 Dec;20(4):415-55.
40. Ahlskog JE, Muenter MD. Frequency of levodopa-related dyskinesias
15. Falck B, Hillarp NA, Thieme G, Torp A. Fluorescence of catechol amines and motor fluctuations as estimated from the cumulative literature.
and related compounds condensed with formaldehyde. Brain Res Bull. Mov Disord. 2001 May;16(3):448-58.
1982 Jul-Dec;9(1-6):xi-xv.
41. Fahn S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Kieburtz K, Rudolph A, Lang A, et al;
16. Poirier LJ, Sourkes TL. Influence of the substantia nigra in the Parkinson Study Group. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson's
catecholamine content of the striatum. Brain. 1965 Mar;88:181-92. disease. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 9;351(24):2498-508.
17. Sourkes TL, Poirier L. Influence of the substantia nigra on the 42. Kostic V, Przedborski S, Flaster E, Sternic N. Early development of
concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine of the striatum. levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young-
Nature. 1965 Jul 10;207(993):202-3. onset Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1991 Feb;41(2 ( Pt 1)):202-5.
18. Cotzias GC, Papavasiliou PS, Gellene R. Modification of Parkinsonism-- 43. Van Gerpen JA, Kumar N, Bower JH, Weigand S, Ahlskog JE. Levodopa-
chronic treatment with L-dopa. N Engl J Med. 1969 Feb 13;280(7):337-45. associated dyskinesia risk among Parkinson disease patients
in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1990. Arch Neurol. 2006
19. Yahr MD, Duvoisin RC, Schear MJ, Barrett RE, Hoehn MM. Treatment of Feb;63(2):205-9.
parkinsonism with levodopa. Arch Neurol. 1969 Oct;21(4):343-54.
44. Mouradian MM, Juncos JL, Fabbrini G, Schlegel J, Bartko JJ, Chase TN.
20. News Item. Parkinsonism: L-Dopa goes commercial. Chem Eng News Motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: central pathophysiological
1970:48:12. mechanisms, Part II. Ann Neurol. 1988 Sep;24(3):372-8.
21. Lovenberg W, Weissbach H, Udenfriend S. Aromatic L-amino acid 45. Aubert I, Guigoni C, Håkansson K, Li Q, Dovero S, Barthe N, et al.
decarboxylase. J Biol Chem. 1962 Jan;237:89-93. Increased D1 dopamine receptor signaling in levodopa-induced
22. Cooksey CJ, Garratt PJ, Land EJ, Pavel S, Ramsden CA, Riley PA, et al. dyskinesia. Ann Neurol. 2005 Jan;57(1):17-26.
Evidence of the indirect formation of the catecholic intermediate 46. Lees AJ. L-dopa treatment and Parkinson's disease. Q J Med. 1986
substrate responsible for the autoactivation kinetics of tyrosinase. J Biol Jun;59(230):535-47.
Chem. 1997 Oct 17;272(42):26226-35.
47. Lesser RP, Fahn S, Snider SR, Cote LJ, Isgreen WP, Barrett RE. Analysis
23. Axelrod J. O-methylation of epinephrine and other catechols in vitro of the clinical problems in parkinsonism and the complications of long-
and in vivo. Science. 1957 Aug 30;126(3270):400-1. term levodopa therapy. Neurology. 1979 Sep;29(9 Pt 1):1253-60.
24. Birkmayer W, Knoll J, Riederer P, Youdim MB, Hars V, Marton J. 48. McColl CD, Reardon KA, Shiff M, Kempster PA. Motor response to
Increased life expectancy resulting from addition of L-deprenyl to levodopa and the evolution of motor fluctuations in the first decade of
Madopar treatment in Parkinson's disease: a longterm study. J Neural treatment of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2002 Nov;17(6):1227-34.
Transm. 1985;64(2):113-27.
49. Levandis G, Bazzini E, Armentero MT, Nappi G, Blandini F. Systemic
25. Kuruma I, Bartholini G, Tissot R, Pletscher A. The metabolism of L-3- administration of an mGluR5 antagonist, but not unilateral subthalamic
O-methyldopa, a precursor of dopa in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1971 lesion, counteracts l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in a rodent model of
Jul-Aug;12(4):678-82. Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2008 Jan;29(1):161-8.
26. Kopin IJ. Catecholamine metabolism: basic aspects and clinical 50. Morgese MG, Cassano T, Cuomo V, Giuffrida A. Anti-dyskinetic effects
significance. Pharmacol Rev. 1985 Dec;37(4):333-64. of cannabinoids in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: role of CB(1) and
27. Bonifácio MJ, Palma PN, Almeida L, Soares-da-Silva P. Catechol-O- TRPV1 receptors. Exp Neurol. 2007 Nov;208(1):110-9.
methyltransferase and its inhibitors in Parkinson's disease. CNS Drug 51. Carta M, Carlsson T, Kirik D, Björklund A. Dopamine released from 5-HT
Rev. 2007 Fall;13(3):352-79. terminals is the cause of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian
28. Riederer P, Reichmann H, Janetzky B, Sian J, Lesch KP, Lange KW, et al. rats. Brain. 2007 Jul;130(Pt 7):1819-33.
Neural degeneration in Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol. 2001;86:125- 52. Carlsson T, Carta M, Winkler C, Björklund A, Kirik D. Serotonin neuron
36. transplants exacerbate L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in a rat model of
29. Nagatsu T, Sawada M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci. 2007 Jul 25;27(30):8011-22.
Parkinson's disease: neurotoxins, causative genes, and inflammatory 53. Rommelfanger KS, Edwards GL, Freeman KG, Liles LC, Miller GW,
cytokines. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2006 Jul-Aug;26(4-6):781-802. Weinshenker D. Norepinephrine loss produces more profound motor
30. Huot P, Parent A. Dopaminergic neurons intrinsic to the striatum. J deficits than MPTP treatment in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007
Neurochem. 2007 Jun;101(6):1441-7. Aug 21;104(34):13804-9.
31. Muenter MD, Tyce GM. L-dopa therapy of Parkinson's disease: plasma 54. Misu Y, Goshima Y. DOPA as a neurotransmitter candidate. In: Misu Y
L-dopa concentration, therapeutic response, and side effects. Mayo Clin and Goshima Y, editors. Neurobiology of DOPA as a neurotransmitter.
Proc. 1971 Apr;46(4):231-9. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis; 2006. p. 23–34.
32. Fabbrini G, Juncos J, Mouradian MM, Serrati C, Chase TN. Levodopa 55. Fahn S. Is levodopa toxic? Neurology 1996;47 [Suppl 3]:S184–95.
pharmacokinetic mechanisms and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's 56. Weiner WJ. Levodopa--toxic or neuroprotective? Nat Clin Pract Neurol.
disease. Ann Neurol. 1987 Apr;21(4):370-6. 2006 Oct;2(10):518-9.
33. Mouradian MM, Heuser IJ, Baronti F, Chase TN. Modification of central 57. Ichinose H, Ohye T, Takahashi E, Seki N, Hori T, Segawa M, et al.
dopaminergic mechanisms by continuous levodopa therapy for Hereditary progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation
advanced Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 1990 Jan;27(1):18-23. caused by mutations in the GTP cyclohydrolase I gene. Nat Genet. 1994
34. Murata M, Kanazawa I. Repeated L-dopa administration reduces the Nov;8(3):236-42.
ability of dopamine storage and abolishes the supersensitivity of 58. Holford NH, Chan PL, Nutt JG, Kieburtz K, Shoulson I; Parkinson Study
dopamine receptors in the striatum of intact rat. Neurosci Res. 1993 Group. Disease progression and pharmacodynamics in Parkinson
Jan;16(1):15-23. disease - evidence for functional protection with levodopa and other
35. Murata M, Mizusawa H, Yamanouchi H, Kanazawa I. Chronic levodopa treatments. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2006 Jun;33(3):281-311.
therapy enhances dopa absorption: contribution to wearing-off. J 59. Rascol O, Perez-Lloret S, Ferreira JJ. New treatments for levodopa-
Neural Transm (Vienna). 1996;103(10):1177-85. induced motor complications. Mov Disord. 2015 Sep 15;30(11):1451-60.
36. Chase TN. Levodopa therapy: consequences of the nonphysiologic 60. Dempski RE, Scholtz EC, Oberholtzer ER, Yeh KC. Pharmaceutical
replacement of dopamine. Neurology. 1998 May;50(5 Suppl 5):S17-25. design and development of a Sinemet controlled-release formulation.
37. Bravi D, Mouradian MM, Roberts JW, Davis TL, Sohn YH, Chase TN. Neurology. 1989 Nov;39(11 Suppl 2):20-4.
Wearing-off fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: contribution of 61. Nyholm D, Odin P, Johansson A, Chatamra K, Locke C, Dutta S, et
postsynaptic mechanisms. Ann Neurol. 1994 Jul;36(1):27-31. al. Pharmacokinetics of levodopa, carbidopa, and 3-O-methyldopa
following 16-hour jejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel
in advanced Parkinson's disease patients. AAPS J. 2013 Apr;15(2):316-23.

38 DOI: 10.5937/Galmed2305031S